Manx Miscellanies, Vol. I.

[ 1 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/17 [ 2 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/18 [ 3 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/19 [ 4 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/20 [ 5 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/21 [ 6 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/22 [ 7 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/23 [ 8 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/24 [ 9 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/25 [ 10 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/26 [ 11 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/27 [ 12 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/28 [ 13 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/29 [ 14 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/30 [ 15 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/31 [ 16 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/32 [ 17 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/33 [ 18 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/34 [ 19 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/35 [ 20 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/36 [ 21 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/37 [ 22 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/38 [ 23 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/39 [ 24 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/40 [ 25 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/41 [ 26 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/42 [ 27 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/43 [ 28 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/44 [ 29 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/45 [ 30 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/46 [ 31 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/47 [ 32 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/48 [ 33 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/49 [ 34 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/50 [ 35 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/51 [ 36 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/52 [ 37 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/53 [ 38 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/54 [ 39 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/55 [ 40 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/56 [ 41 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/57 [ 42 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/58 [ 43 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/59 [ 44 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/60 [ 45 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/61 [ 46 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/62 [ 47 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/63 [ 48 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/64 [ 49 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/65 [ 50 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/66 [ 51 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/67 [ 52 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/68 [ 53 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/69 [ 54 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/70 [ 55 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/71 [ 56 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/72 [ 57 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/73 [ 58 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/74 [ 59 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/75 [ 60 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/76 [ 61 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/77 [ 62 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/78 [ 63 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/79 [ 64 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/80 [ 65 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/81 [ 66 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/82 [ 67 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/83 [ 68 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/84 [ 69 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/85 [ 70 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/86 [ 71 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/87 [ 72 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/88 [ 73 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/89 [ 74 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/90 [ 75 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/91 [ 76 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/92 [ 77 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/93 [ 78 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/94 [ 79 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/95 [ 80 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/96 [ 81 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/97 [ 82 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/98 [ 83 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/99 [ 84 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/100 [ 85 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/101 [ 86 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/102 [ 87 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/103 [ 88 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/104 [ 89 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/105 [ 90 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/106 [ 91 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/107 [ 92 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/108 [ 93 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/109 [ 94 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/110 [ 95 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/111 [ 96 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/112 [ 97 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/113 [ 98 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/114 [ 99 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/115 [ 100 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/116 [ 101 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/117 [ 102 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/118 [ 103 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/119 [ 104 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/120 [ 105 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/121 [ 106 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/122 [ 107 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/123 [ 108 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/124 [ 109 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/125 [ 110 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/126 [ 111 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/127 [ 112 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/128 [ 113 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/129 [ 114 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/130 [ 115 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/131 [ 116 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/132 [ 117 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/133 [ 118 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/134 [ 119 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/135 [ 120 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/136 [ 121 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/137

[ The Emerald Vernicle of the Vatican ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/139 [ 2 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/140 [ 3 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/141 [ 4 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/142 [ 5 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/143 [ 6 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/144 [ 7 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/145 [ 8 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/146 [ 9 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/147 [ 10 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/148 [ 11 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/149 [ 12 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/150 [ 13 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/151 [ 14 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/152 [ 15 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/153 [ 16 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/154 [ 17 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/155 [ 18 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/156 [ 19 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/157 [ 20 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/158 [ 21 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/159 [ 22 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/160 [ 23 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/161 [ 24 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/162 [ 25 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/163 [ 26 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/164 [ 27 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/165 [ 28 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/166 [ 29 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/167 [ 30 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/168 [ 31 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/169 [ 32 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/170 [ 33 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/171 [ 34 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/172 [ 35 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/173 [ 36 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/174 [ 37 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/175 [ 38 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/176 [ 39 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/177 [  ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/178 [ 41 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/179

[ Coontey Ghiare ]


COONTEY-GHIARE

JEH

ELLAN VANNIN,

AYNS GAILCK.


DEC. 17TH, 1760.


LIORISH JOE VREEJEY.


[ 3 ]

COONTEY-GHIARE JEH ELLAN VANNIN, AYNS GAILCK.


(The following poetical description of the Isle of Man, by Joseph Bridson, having been in the possession of the Venerable Archdeacon Moore, he has kindly placed it at the disposal of the Society.)

"Jeh'n Elian shoh, mychone eck ta fo'm loayrt,"
"Nee'm y chooid share, son coontey feer y choyrt."
"T'ee Ellan veg ayns Keayn Noo Yeorge ny lhie,
"S'ga d'el ee beg, t'ee costallagh dy mie.
Ta cheer ny Albey er y twoaie j'ee soit,
As Anglesey ta er y jiass j'ee, lhie-t."
Ta Lancashire lllie vo'ee 'sy Chiar
As Nerin ayns y Sheear rayr ta mee curmyner.
Yn chummey eck ta, er yn aght shoh, noain
T'ee lane vie liauyr, cha vel ee agh feer choon
Veih Kione-ny-harey 'syn ayrn sodjey twoaie
Er dys y Challoo, cha vel fys ayms' quoi,
Ren ee y howse, mish cha ren veg y 'lheid
Ta'd gra dy jean ee towse jeih veeilley as feed
Er son y lheead eck slane, veih cheu dy heu.
Myr ta mee lhaih, ta ny screeunyn streeu
Paart sailliu nuy, ny jeih, ny red gyn veg
As paayrt ta shassoo er queig veeilly-yeig.
Agh lheid er-hastagh, ta mee cur dhyt my-reih,
Dy ghoaill ee son nuy queig-jeig ny jeih.
Kiare baljyn-vargee foast dyn enmys ta,
Jeu nee-ym loayrt, my lowys shiu agh traa.

[ 4 ]

Hoshiaght Battey-Chashtal jeh goo vooar,
As Bailey chronnal fee shickyr dy-liooar.
Ta'n valley soit er-gerrey da yn Cheayn
King-re'ill yn Elian bunnys ta ayns shen.
Ta Purt fardalagh ayn, as keint dy cheyee
Oik, ta'd shen hene ; agh s'olk dy mooar ta'n vaie
T'an Chashtal aalin neesht, as veih shen hellyra
Ta'n valley shoh er lesh v'er ghoaill e ennym.
Ayns shoh ta slattyssyn y Cheerey freilt ;
As liorish leighyn chair ta'n Elian reilt,

Nish ta mee cheet dys Doolish, sooill y Cheer,
As fee, yn valley s' aalin f ayn, dy feer.
Ga fee neu-feeu, dys baljyn yoarree elley,
Agh shegin doom choontey jee ga fee ny smelley,
Ta'n valley shoh jeant magh lesh cummaltee
Dy yoarreeyn chammah as dy Vanninee,
Myr shen ta'n va'ie, ta purt vie Ihuingys ayn
Cooid ta prowit ec ny shlee ny un Ashoon.

  • Sy valley shoh, dy smooinaght er y voayl,

Ta dellal vioyr, ayns lane chaghlaaghyn choid
Ny thieyn ta mie as sie cordail rish fort
Ny honneryn, cha kiart as oddyms loayrt
Paart berchagh as paart boght jeh'n chummaltee
Yn valley shoh, myr ta stayd ymmodee.

Nish Purt-ny-ttinshey, 'sy trass ynnyd ta
Cheet stiagh ayns cair dy ve er ny imraa
T'an valley shoh 'sy sheearrhwoaie ny Ihie
T'ee beg dy feer, agh lane dy liooar dy leih,
Ayns shoh ta cashtal neesht, er ynnyd sunt,
Dy schleioil troggit, lesh creggyn chreoi son grunt.
Ta ba'ie ayn neesht, yn sauchys eck cha s'ayra
Agh smie da lheid ve ayn son cour traa feme.

[ 5 ]

Chamoo nee'm lane y ghra ayns moylley'n phurt
INIyr t'adsyn fecldyn eh Ihig dagh er loayrt.
Ny-yeih 'sy vai'e ta Ihuingys cliaghtey raad
As ayns yn awin paart folmaghey nyn laad.
Eisht liorish shoh shegin daue ve castre-cair
Er-nonney ennaght ad mooads nyn ghanjeyr.
Reggyryn neesht ny vud oc, ta mee toiggal
Ta lane vie loor ayns caghlaaghyn ghellal
Ny thie-yn t'oc, mie as sie, myr boayl ny ghaa,
Cre smoo mychione eck bailliu mee dy ghra.

Rkumaaa, 'sy chiarroo ynnyd ta cheet stiagh
Ny veg roie raait, ee, sodjey twoaie dy bragh.
Dy loayrt dy feer, ga fee yn valley sloo,
'Sy cheer shoh noain ny-yeih ta foddey smoo
Dy chummaltee 'as dy reggyryn ayn,
Cooid ta cur er nyn meaghey ve cha goaun.
Cha bliass da ve ayns bailey veagh wheesh elley,
Son shen scoan taM veg share, agh foddey smelley,
Ayns traaghyn ta'n dellal oc mie bioyr,
As ta'd, ec traaghyn, elley, lhagg dy liooar,
Lane joarreeyn ta ayn-jee jeh ny Albanee
Paart t'ayn ta cheet as goll, as paart ny cummaltee
Ta purt vie ayn, as ba'ie veg share cha Ihiass
Chamoo ta Iheid 'sy Cheer, er twoaie ny jiass
Ny thieyn injil to'c ta soilshaght er cheu-mooie
Ymmyrch vooar, ny neu-freoose ny cummaltee.

Nish stayd ny Baljyn-vargee inehit ta
Mychione ny Baljyn-veggey shegin gimraa
Jeu shoh ta kiare ny wheig ayns earroo noain
Agh feer fardalagh ta'd, dy chooilley unnane.
Ta aer ny cheerey coontit feer slayntoil,
As dooghys y thallooin ta fegooish foill.

[ 6 ]

Gymmyrkey curnaght, pishyr, corkey's, oayrn.
As shoggyl neesht, yn sleih ta fegooishmoyrn,
Son y chooid smoo, as dooie rish joarree yn
Ta'd giastyllagh rish boghtyn nyn jeer hene.
Ollagh, cabbil, kirree, guoiee, as goa'ir
Ta'n cheer dy ymmyrkey ayns palchys vooar
Monney dy fuygh, cha vel 'sy cheer shoh gaase,
Keayrt palchey va, agh geaney nish te'r naase,
Ta oc son aile, kypp, rhennagh, conney 's moain,
Ayns ynnydyn jeh 'cheer ta shen hene goaun.
Ny baljyn-vargee bunnys ta jeant magh
Lesh aile ta joarree, Iheid's geayl cheet stiagh.
Ayns shee as fea yn sleih ta ceau nyn draa,
As reill yn Elian er yn aght shoh ta.
Ta un Chiannoort, 's daa Vriw 'sy whaiyl-thea
As ny quaiyllyn elley, inshym ad dy leah.
Aspick ny cheerey ta, as daa Phesson marish,
Ta'd shoh nyn droor ta jannoo yu whaiyll Agglish,
Mysh mean ny cheerey, nagh myr thie ny hoie,
Imrayr dy sleityn, twoaie as jiass ta roie.
Ny vud oc shoh, yn slieau son yrjid ta
Cronnal dy mie as feeu dy liooar, gimraa
Enmyssit Sniaul, veih'n vullagh syn un cheayrt
Troor dy reeriaghtyn hee shiu cruinn mygeayz-t
Ayns earish ter* ngholl shaghey, ny manninee
Va ashoon niartal, as sleih mooar chiaggee
Agh nish cha vel wheesh boirey cheet nyn raad.
Smaynrey 'n skeeal, feer vaynrey ta nyn stayd.
Yn cheer shoh noain, my ta shiu er chlashtyn jeh,
Dyn dooyt nagh vel yn skeeal ta foddey shlea,
Na'n cheer shoh hene, yn goo myr shoh ta goll,
D'el ferrishyn as beishtyn ayns dagh voayl
Jeh'n cheer veg shoh, as kinjagh te d'imraa
Dy vel ad er nyn vakin oie as laa ;

[ 7 ]

Nish ere dy ghra 'sy chooish shoh, cha saym
Agh son lane pleat cha nakym monney feme,
Paart trooid faase chredjue, paart trooid gaasit vooar
Myr ennym jeu, myr shoh nee ad m'ansoor.
Ta Iheid dy feer, ere oddyms roo y ghra ?
My jirrym, dty hilley oo er dty volley ta.
Jir ad nagh vel, as cowraghyn ta'd ginsh
Ve myr shoh noain, ve'h cha baghtal shoh ny wheesh.
Cha jirym roo, cha veer dhyt, as myr shen,
Ta skeealyn gaase, ta'd credjit as taM beayn.
Nish Ihig dagh er, tra 'chlinnys eh Iheid shoh,
Edyr mychione corp varroo ny corp vio.
Yn ymmyd saillish yannoo jeh yn skeeal
Cordail rish goo, as sheeltys feer e veeal
Ta ginsh da Iheid, agh share Ihiam eh dy mooar
Eh ve dyn chredjal, as shickyr te dy liooar
Ta Iheid ny niaghtyn toilliu lane dy chraid
Cooid ta'd dy gheddyn, dagh voayl ta'd goaill raad.
Bunnys ny oddyms ghra mychione y cheer
Vel ooilley shoh ny taym's ve raa-it dy feer,
Myr shen 'sy traa cha jeanyms lesh my veeal
Ny smoo y ghra, agh ta jerrey er my skeeal.


JEO VEEEJEY.

This page contains an image which should be extracted and uploaded to Commons (if it is free in the country of origin) or to Wikisource (if it is free only in USA).

[ 8 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/196 [ 9 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/197 [ 10 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/198 [ 11 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/199 [ 12 ]Page:Manx Society - Manx Miscellanies, Vol I.djvu/200


This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.